Certificate Earthing of Utility and Industrial Distribution Systems

Video 1: Overview:

• Objectives of grounding and bonding
• Fault in an underground system
• Effect of neutral system grounding
• Ground fault current flow
• Ground electrodes
• Grounding for charge/surge control
• Dissipation of static charges
• Lightning strikes
• Sources of voltage surge
• Typical ground loops

Video 2: Static electricity and protection:

• What is static electricity and how is it generated?
• Examples of static charge build up and its dangers
• Energy of spark due to static electricity
• Ways of controlling static build up
• Risk assessment and preventive measures

Video 3: Grounding for lightning protection of buildings and structures:

• The physics of lightning
• Lightning incidence in different land masses
• Lightning strike probability
• Lightning protection
• Planning for protection and decision factors
• Improved approach to lightning protection and non-conventional systems
• Effect of lightning strikes on electrical installations

Video 4: Power supply system grounding:

• Types of system grounding
• Ungrounded systems
• Solidly grounded systems
• Impedance grounding using neutral reactor
• Resonant grounding using neutral reactor
• Impedance grounding through neutral resistance
• Classification of supply systems based on grounding
• Point of grounding
• Other challenges

Video 5: Protective grounding:

• Electric shock, its cause and effects
• Direct and indirect contact
• Touch and step potential
• Role of protective grounding in minimising the shock hazards
• Equipotential bonding
• Protective grounding conductors and installation
• Ground fault protection
• System classification based on system/protective grounding

Video 6: Surges and surge protection:

• Surges, their causes and mitigation
• The ways by which surges couple into electrical circuits
• Bonding of grounding systems
• Basic principle of surge protection and commonly used surge protection devices
• Graded surge protection
• Selecting appropriate surge protective devices and their positioning in a system

Video 7: Ground electrode systems:

• Soil resistance and factors affecting soil resistivity
• Measurement of soil resistivity
• Resistance of ground electrode and distribution of resistance in surrounding soil layers
• Electrode current capacity
• Ground electrode configurations
• Parallel electrodes
• Ground electrode resistance measurement
• Chemical electrodes
• Concrete encased electrodes and splicing methods
• Corrosion of buried electrodes
• Grounding system maintenance

Video 8: Electrical noise and mitigation:

• Definition of electrical noise
• How are sensitive circuits affected?
• Noise categories
• Noise from power electrical equipment
• Noise coupling into signal circuits
• Noise mitigation measures
• Role of proper grounding in reducing noise
• Noise control by proper grounding of UPS derived supplies

Video 9: Substation grounding design:

• Grounding practices
• Basic design approach
• Calculating the ground fault current
• Ground potential rise in HV systems
• Grounding design in LV and MV substations/installations
• Grounding grid design for HV/EHV substations - a step-by-step approach
• Introduction to two-layer soil model
• Transferred potential and ways of avoiding
• Points needing special attention in substation grounding design and for GIS equipment
• Design of substations containing converter equipment feeding to HVDC transmission systems
• Ensuring effective substation grounding - important aspects

Practical: DIY lab experiments

• Links to Basic Software Simulations
• A range of exercises with a quiz and problems with answers