Thermodynamics

Introduction 3 lectures 21:19 A thermodynamic system preview A thermodynamic system is a part of the physical universe with a specified boundary for observation. A system contains a substance with a large amount of molecules or atoms, and is formed by a geometrical volume of macroscopic dimensions subjected to controlled experimental conditions.An ideal thermodynamic system is a model system with simplifications to represent a real system that can be described by the theoretical thermodynamics approach. A simple system is a single state system with no internal boundaries, and is not subject to external force fields or inertial forces. A composite system, however, has at least two simple systems separated by a barrier restrictive to one form of energy or matter.The boundaryof the volume separates the system from its surroundings. A system may be taken through a complete cycle of states, in which its final state is the same as its original state. Thermodynamic Processes A system undergoes a thermodynamic process when there is some sort of energetic change within the system, generally associated with changes in pressure, volume, internal energy, temperature or any sort of heat transfer. Thermodynamics Laws ZEROTH LAWIf two systems are both in thermal equilibrium with a third then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.This law defines temperature as an empirical quantity that is the same for two bodies that are in thermal equilibrium with each other (no heat is transferred between the two). I LAWThe first law of thermodynamics refers to the conservation of different types of energy:Energy cannot be created or destroyed but is just transformed from one form into another.II LAWThe second law of thermodynamics has many equivalent statements, among them being the flow of heat from hot to cold, the efficiency of thermal (Carnot) engines, entropy,One statement relates to the spontaneity of processes. In terms of entropy, the second law can be stated as:In a spontaneous process, the entropy of the Universe increases.III LAW The entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is exactly equal to zero. Introduction. 3 lectures 21:19 A thermodynamic system preview A thermodynamic system is a part of the physical universe with a specified boundary for observation. A system contains a substance with a large amount of molecules or atoms, and is formed by a geometrical volume of macroscopic dimensions subjected to controlled experimental conditions.An ideal thermodynamic system is a model system with simplifications to represent a real system that can be described by the theoretical thermodynamics approach. A simple system is a single state system with no internal boundaries, and is not subject to external force fields or inertial forces. A composite system, however, has at least two simple systems separated by a barrier restrictive to one form of energy or matter.The boundaryof the volume separates the system from its surroundings. A system may be taken through a complete cycle of states, in which its final state is the same as its original state. Thermodynamic Processes A system undergoes a thermodynamic process when there is some sort of energetic change within the system, generally associated with changes in pressure, volume, internal energy, temperature or any sort of heat transfer. Thermodynamics Laws ZEROTH LAWIf two systems are both in thermal equilibrium with a third then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.This law defines temperature as an empirical quantity that is the same for two bodies that are in thermal equilibrium with each other (no heat is transferred between the two). I LAWThe first law of thermodynamics refers to the conservation of different types of energy:Energy cannot be created or destroyed but is just transformed from one form into another.II LAWThe second law of thermodynamics has many equivalent statements, among them being the flow of heat from hot to cold, the efficiency of thermal (Carnot) engines, entropy,One statement relates to the spontaneity of processes. In terms of entropy, the second law can be stated as:In a spontaneous process, the entropy of the Universe increases.III LAW The entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is exactly equal to zero. A thermodynamic system preview A thermodynamic system is a part of the physical universe with a specified boundary for observation. A system contains a substance with a large amount of molecules or atoms, and is formed by a geometrical volume of macroscopic dimensions subjected to controlled experimental conditions.An ideal thermodynamic system is a model system with simplifications to represent a real system that can be described by the theoretical thermodynamics approach. A simple system is a single state system with no internal boundaries, and is not subject to external force fields or inertial forces. A composite system, however, has at least two simple systems separated by a barrier restrictive to one form of energy or matter.The boundaryof the volume separates the system from its surroundings. A system may be taken through a complete cycle of states, in which its final state is the same as its original state. A thermodynamic system preview A thermodynamic system is a part of the physical universe with a specified boundary for observation. A system contains a substance with a large amount of molecules or atoms, and is formed by a geometrical volume of macroscopic dimensions subjected to controlled experimental conditions.An ideal thermodynamic system is a model system with simplifications to represent a real system that can be described by the theoretical thermodynamics approach. A simple system is a single state system with no internal boundaries, and is not subject to external force fields or inertial forces. A composite system, however, has at least two simple systems separated by a barrier restrictive to one form of energy or matter.The boundaryof the volume separates the system from its surroundings. A system may be taken through a complete cycle of states, in which its final state is the same as its original state. A thermodynamic system preview A thermodynamic system is a part of the physical universe with a specified boundary for observation. A system contains a substance with a large amount of molecules or atoms, and is formed by a geometrical volume of macroscopic dimensions subjected to controlled experimental conditions.An ideal thermodynamic system is a model system with simplifications to represent a real system that can be described by the theoretical thermodynamics approach. A simple system is a single state system with no internal boundaries, and is not subject to external force fields or inertial forces. A composite system, however, has at least two simple systems separated by a barrier restrictive to one form of energy or matter.The boundaryof the volume separates the system from its surroundings. A system may be taken through a complete cycle of states, in which its final state is the same as its original state. A thermodynamic system preview A thermodynamic system is a part of the physical universe with a specified boundary for observation. A system contains a substance with a large amount of molecules or atoms, and is formed by a geometrical volume of macroscopic dimensions subjected to controlled experimental conditions.An ideal thermodynamic system is a model system with simplifications to represent a real system that can be described by the theoretical thermodynamics approach. A simple system is a single state system with no internal boundaries, and is not subject to external force fields or inertial forces. A composite system, however, has at least two simple systems separated by a barrier restrictive to one form of energy or matter.The boundaryof the volume separates the system from its surroundings. A system may be taken through a complete cycle of states, in which its final state is the same as its original state.A thermodynamic system is a part of the physical universe with a specified boundary for observation. A system contains a substance with a large amount of molecules or atoms, and is formed by a geometrical volume of macroscopic dimensions subjected to controlled experimental conditions.An ideal thermodynamic system is a model system with simplifications to represent a real system that can be described by the theoretical thermodynamics approach. A simple system is a single state system with no internal boundaries, and is not subject to external force fields or inertial forces. A composite system, however, has at least two simple systems separated by a barrier restrictive to one form of energy or matter.The boundaryof the volume separates the system from its surroundings. A system may be taken through a complete cycle of states, in which its final state is the same as its original state.A thermodynamic system is a part of the physical universe with a specified boundary for observation. A system contains a substance with a large amount of molecules or atoms, and is formed by a geometrical volume of macroscopic dimensions subjected to controlled experimental conditions.An ideal thermodynamic system is a model system with simplifications to represent a real system that can be described by the theoretical thermodynamics approach. A simple system is a single state system with no internal boundaries, and is not subject to external force fields or inertial forces. A composite system, however, has at least two simple systems separated by a barrier restrictive to one form of energy or matter.The boundaryof the volume separates the system from its surroundings. A system may be taken through a complete cycle of states, in which its final state is the same as its original state. Thermodynamic Processes A system undergoes a thermodynamic process when there is some sort of energetic change within the system, generally associated with changes in pressure, volume, internal energy, temperature or any sort of heat transfer. Thermodynamic Processes A system undergoes a thermodynamic process when there is some sort of energetic change within the system, generally associated with changes in pressure, volume, internal energy, temperature or any sort of heat transfer. Thermodynamic Processes A system undergoes a thermodynamic process when there is some sort of energetic change within the system, generally associated with changes in pressure, volume, internal energy, temperature or any sort of heat transfer. Thermodynamic Processes A system undergoes a thermodynamic process when there is some sort of energetic change within the system, generally associated with changes in pressure, volume, internal energy, temperature or any sort of heat transfer. A system undergoes a thermodynamic process when there is some sort of energetic change within the system, generally associated with changes in pressure, volume, internal energy, temperature or any sort of heat transfer. A system undergoes a thermodynamic process when there is some sort of energetic change within the system, generally associated with changes in pressure, volume, internal energy, temperature or any sort of heat transfer. Thermodynamics Laws ZEROTH LAWIf two systems are both in thermal equilibrium with a third then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.This law defines temperature as an empirical quantity that is the same for two bodies that are in thermal equilibrium with each other (no heat is transferred between the two). I LAWThe first law of thermodynamics refers to the conservation of different types of energy:Energy cannot be created or destroyed but is just transformed from one form into another.II LAWThe second law of thermodynamics has many equivalent statements, among them being the flow of heat from hot to cold, the efficiency of thermal (Carnot) engines, entropy,One statement relates to the spontaneity of processes. In terms of entropy, the second law can be stated as:In a spontaneous process, the entropy of the Universe increases.III LAW The entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is exactly equal to zero. Thermodynamics Laws ZEROTH LAWIf two systems are both in thermal equilibrium with a third then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.This law defines temperature as an empirical quantity that is the same for two bodies that are in thermal equilibrium with each other (no heat is transferred between the two). I LAWThe first law of thermodynamics refers to the conservation of different types of energy:Energy cannot be created or destroyed but is just transformed from one form into another.II LAWThe second law of thermodynamics has many equivalent statements, among them being the flow of heat from hot to cold, the efficiency of thermal (Carnot) engines, entropy,One statement relates to the spontaneity of processes. In terms of entropy, the second law can be stated as:In a spontaneous process, the entropy of the Universe increases.III LAW The entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is exactly equal to zero. Thermodynamics Laws ZEROTH LAWIf two systems are both in thermal equilibrium with a third then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.This law defines temperature as an empirical quantity that is the same for two bodies that are in thermal equilibrium with each other (no heat is transferred between the two). I LAWThe first law of thermodynamics refers to the conservation of different types of energy:Energy cannot be created or destroyed but is just transformed from one form into another.II LAWThe second law of thermodynamics has many equivalent statements, among them being the flow of heat from hot to cold, the efficiency of thermal (Carnot) engines, entropy,One statement relates to the spontaneity of processes. In terms of entropy, the second law can be stated as:In a spontaneous process, the entropy of the Universe increases.III LAW The entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is exactly equal to zero. Thermodynamics Laws ZEROTH LAWIf two systems are both in thermal equilibrium with a third then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.This law defines temperature as an empirical quantity that is the same for two bodies that are in thermal equilibrium with each other (no heat is transferred between the two). I LAWThe first law of thermodynamics refers to the conservation of different types of energy:Energy cannot be created or destroyed but is just transformed from one form into another.II LAWThe second law of thermodynamics has many equivalent statements, among them being the flow of heat from hot to cold, the efficiency of thermal (Carnot) engines, entropy,One statement relates to the spontaneity of processes. In terms of entropy, the second law can be stated as:In a spontaneous process, the entropy of the Universe increases.III LAW The entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is exactly equal to zero. ZEROTH LAWIf two systems are both in thermal equilibrium with a third then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.This law defines temperature as an empirical quantity that is the same for two bodies that are in thermal equilibrium with each other (no heat is transferred between the two) A Path function is a function whose value depends on the path followed by the...