Vibration Analysis

Course Contents:

Vibration Analysis

• Introduction to vibration
• Defining Vibration Analysis
• Typical Vibration Instruments.
• Motion - R.M.S. Technique
• Vibration Amplitude Measurement
• Peak Vibration
• Peak to Peak Vibration Measurement
• Displacement, velocity and acceleration
• Units and unit conversion
• Spectrum analysis
• FFT spectrum Analyzer Technology
• Frequency Vibration
• Natural Frequency
• Generated frequency
• Resonant frequency
• Basic forcing frequency calculations

Fundamental Vibration Analysis Concepts and Issues

• Defining Mass and its units of measurement
• Use of vibration in evaluating machinery condition
• The concept of velocity
• The concept of frequency
• Exploring time waveform phase
• Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
• Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) Techniques
• Exploiting Displacement
• Defining Speed
• Deducing Acceleration
• Detecting High Vibration
• Sensor Variations
• Analogue Instrumentation - Shortcomings
• Digital Technology - Advantages
• Vibration alarms
• Spectral band alarms

Effecting an Enhanced Maintenance Programme

• Basic fault identification
• Vibratory fault characteristics and patterns
• Overall level measurements
• Mechanical analysis
• Harmonic measurements
• Harmonic distortion measurement
• Alarm limits, trending and exception reports
• Preventive Maintenance
• Predictive Maintenance
• Reliability-centered Maintenance Programmed (RCM)
• Fault diagnosis - Common electric motor faults
• Fault diagnosis - Common pump, fan and compressor faults
• Fault diagnosis - Rolling element bearing wear
• Fault diagnosis - Imbalance,
• Fault diagnosis - misalignment,
• Fault diagnosis - looseness,
• Fault diagnosis - eccentricity,
• Fault diagnosis - resonance
• Fault diagnosis - bearings Defects
• Fault diagnosis - gears Defects,
• Fault diagnosis - belts Defects
• Common belt drive and gearbox faults
• Electric Motors Defects
• Detection Of Electrical Problem Within Induction Motors

Instrumentation and Condition Monitoring

• Rotating Equipment Types
• Rotating Equipment Applications
• Rolling Element Bearings
• Journal Bearings
• Equipment Failure Modes
• Condition Monitoring Technologies
• Condition Monitoring Technologies - Vibration
• Condition Monitoring Technologies - Oil
• Condition Monitoring Technologies - Emission
• Condition Monitoring Technologies - Electric motor testing
• Condition Monitoring Technologies - Wear particle
• Condition Monitoring Technologies - Infrared
• Condition Monitoring Technologies - Acoustic

Data Acquisition Techniques

• Instrumentation
• Transducers and transducer mounting
• Measurement point naming conventions
• Routes surveys
• Loading and unloading the route
• Data collection
• Following a route
• Repeatable data collection
• Test procedures
• Observations: best utilizing your time in the field
• Recognizing bad data
• Module 6: Fundamentals of Machinery Vibration
• Key Concepts – Mass,
• The concept of Stiffness
• Mechanical Resonance
• Conceptualizing Damping
• Un-damped Free Vibration
• Damped Free Vibration
• Damped Force Vibration
• Lateral Vibration Characteristics
• Rigid - Body Vibrations
• Flexible Shaft Vibrations
• Mode Shapes and Critical Speeds of General Motor Bearing Systems

Deconstructing Bearings

• Journal and Thrust Bearings
• Types of Fluid Film Bearings
• Selection of Bearing Type
• Selection of Bearing Dimensions
• Self-acting Thrust Bearings
• Design Data for Tilting-Pad Thrust Bearings
• Calculated Thrust Bearing Stiffness & Damping
•  Ball Bearings
• Bearing Design Factors
• Fatigue Life
• Bearing Lubrication
• Dynamics of Ball Bearings
•  Rotor Bearing System Dynamics
• Spring and Damping Coefficient
• Rotor Response Analysis
• Rotor Dynamics For a Typical Machine
•  Rotor response to Various Forces
• Type of Forces
• Response to Unbalance
• Response to Other Forces
•  Rotor Bearing System Instability
• Dynamic Instability in Rigid-Body Systems
• Complicating Factors
• Control of Rotor Instability

Bearings and Vibration, and Rotor and Shaft Balancing

• Bearings Vibration Analysis
• Analytical methods for calculating vibration amplitudes
• Troubleshooting analysis
• Diagnostic procedures
• Machinery faults and vibration frequencies
• Vibration at running speed
• Shaft surface defects and proximity probe readings
• Vibration amplitude jump phenomenon
• Beating of two adjacent frequencies
• Harmonics
• Sub-synchronous vibrations
• Modulation
• Vibration of ball and roller bearings
• Rotor and Shaft Balancing
• Balancing of Rotors and Shafts
• Single Plane Balancing
• Balancing in a Commercial Balance Machine
• In place Rotor and Shaft Balancing

Vibration Data Analysis, Interpretation and Problem Resolution

• Acquiring data to define the problem
• Long-term history of machine
• Field measurement data acquisition
• Field measurement data assessment
• Field measurement data interpretation
• Torsional Vibration Modeling
• Sources of Torsional Excitation
• Transient Response
• Damping
• Interpretation of Analysis

Forcing Frequencies, Sonar, Acoustic and Seismic

• Using units of orders instead of Hz or CPM.
• Calculating forcing frequencies
• Identifying shaft speed
• Blade and vane passing frequencies,
• Bearing frequencies,
• Gear mesh frequencies
• Gear and belt driven machines (multiple shafts with different turning speeds)
• Parametrically Excited Surface Waves
• Normal Form Symmetries
• Linear measurement Instruments
• Seismic or acoustic emission
• Acoustic measurement Instrument
• 3D Seismic Surveys
• 4D Seismic Mapping